It is difficult to describe hydration status and hydration extremes because fluid intakes and excretion patterns of free-living individuals are poorly documented and regulation of human water balance is complex and dynamic. This investigation provided reference values for euhydration (i.e.; body mass; daily fluid intake; serum osmolality; M +/- SD); it also compared urinary indices in initial morning samples and 24-hr collections. Five observations of 59 [...]

To determine if athletes' muscle mass affects the usefulness of urine specific gravity (U(sg)) as a hydration index. Nine rugby players and nine endurance runners differing in the amount of muscle mass (42 +/- 6 vs. 32 +/- 3 kg, respectively; P = 0.0002) were recruited. At waking during six consecutive days, urine was collected [...]

PURPOSE: This article aimed to study the effect of preexercise ingestion of an electrolyte-containing beverage and meal on fluid balance during exercise in men and women. METHODS: Twenty healthy, college-aged people (10 males, 10 females; mean +/- SD = 51.2 +/- 9.8 mL x kg x min(-1)) exercised at 58 +/- 4% V O 2 peak for 90 min, 45 min after ingesting 355 mL of [...]

BACKGROUND: It was previously demonstrated that drinking water significantly elevates the resting energy expenditure(REE) in adults, and that low water intake is associated with obesity and lesser success in weight reduction. This study addressed the potential of water drinking to increase the REE in children, as an additional tool for weight management. OBJECTIVE: To examine [...]

This study examined whether drinking of water with breakfast affects the feelings of satiety and hunger, and how long after the meal this effect is maintained. Eight healthy, normal-weight women had three breakfasts with two extra glasses (4 dl) of water and three similar breakfasts without water. The breakfasts were served on three successive mornings during a 2 week period. The subjects filled in forms with visual analogue [...]

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the reliability and validity of refractometry, hydrometry, and reagent strips in assessing  urine specific gravity in collegiate wrestlers. DESIGN AND SETTING: We assessed the reliability of refractometry, hydrometry, and reagent strips between 2 trials and among 4 testers. The validity of hydrometry and reagent strips was assessed by comparison with refractometry, the [...]

In an experiment, multiple reagent test strips from 90 urine samples were examined twice: observed visually by one of two persons and analyzed by spectrophotometry. Interobserver and intra-observer agreement were calculated and expressed as Cohen's K. Interobserver and intra-observer agreement were moderate to good, but lower than one might expect. Enhancing discoloration of the test pads could improve reproducibility. FULL-TEXT AVAILABRLE IN [...]

This is the protocol for a review and there is no abstract. The objectives are as follows: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of state, minimally invasive clinical and physical signs (or sets of signs) to be used as screening tests for detecting impending or current water-loss dehydration, or both, in older people by systematically reviewing [...]

Objectives: to examine current practice with regard to hydration in acute stroke (part 1) to identify problem areas, to develop, implement and evaluate an intervention package (part 2). Design: prospective, repeated measures, between subjects Setting: a district general hospital. Participants: consecutive admissions with an acute stroke. Part 1 involved 30 patients, 14 of whom were [...]

AIM:To evaluate the reliability of dipstick measurements of urine specific gravity (U-SG). METHODS: Fresh urine specimens were tested for urine pH and osmolality (U-pH, U-Osm) by a pH meter and an osmometer, and for U-SG by three different methods (refractometry, automatic readout of a dipstick (Clinitek-50), and (visual) change of colour of the dipstick). RESULTS: The correlations between the visual U-SG dipstick measurements and U-SG determined by a refractometer and the comparison [...]