Interrelations between serum sodium concentration, serum osmolarity and totalexchangeable sodium, total exchangeable potassium and total body water.
Although much is known about the effects of changes in electrolyte and water balance on serum sodium concentration, the quantitative relationships between body composition and the concentration of sodium in serum have not been established. Also, no definitive study has been made of the correspondence between serum sodium concentration and total serum osmolarity. It is [...]
Origins for the estimations of water requirements in adults.
Water homeostasis generally occurs without conscious effort; however, estimating requirements can be necessary in settings such as health care. This review investigates the derivation of equations for estimating water requirements. Published literature was reviewed for water estimation equations and original papers sought. Equation origins were difficult to ascertain and original references were often not cited. [...]
The effects of Ramadan intermittent fasting on athletic performance: Recommendations for the maintenance of physical fitness.
Abstract. The behavioural modifications that accompany Ramadan intermittent fasting (RIF) are usually associated with some alterations in the metabolic, physiological, and psychological responses of athletes that may affect sport performance. Muslim athletes who are required to train and/or compete during the month-long, diurnal fast must adopt coping strategies that allow them to maintain physical fitness [...]
Drinking water is associated with weight loss in overweight dieting women independent of diet and activity.
BACKGROUND: Data from short-term experiments suggest that drinking water may promote weight loss by lowering total energy intake and/or altering metabolism. The long-term effects of drinking water on change in body weight and composition are unknown, however. OBJECTIVE: This study tested for associations between absolute and relative increases in drinking water and weight loss over 12 months. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Secondary analyses were conducted on data from the Stanford A TO Z weight loss intervention [...]
Replacing sweetened caloric beverages with drinking water is associated with lowerenergy intake.
OBJECTIVE: Reduced intake of sweetened caloric beverages (SCBs) is recommended to lower total energy intake. ReplacingSCBs with non-caloric diet beverages does not automatically lower energy intake, however. Compensatory increases in other food or beverages reportedly negate benefits of diet beverages. The purpose of this study was to evaluate drinking water as an alternative to SCBs. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Secondary analysis of data from the Stanford A TO Z intervention evaluated change in beverage pattern [...]
The altered fluid distribution in obesity may reflect plasma hypertonicity.
OBJECTIVE: This study explored whether the increased extracellular relative to intracellular fluid (ECF/ICF) ratio in obesity mightreflect osmotic effects of elevated plasma solute concentrations. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, epidemiological survey. SETTING AND SUBJECTS: The present analysis used nationally representative data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey on community-dwelling adults (aged 40-59 years) in the [...]
The hypertonic state.
Evolution has provided an elaborate network of regulatory systems that stabilize body-fluid volume, temperature and composition. This stability insulates cells from an ambient hostile world and assures them the best possible conditions in which to function optimally. When one of these regulatory systems fails, cells and even whole organ systems cannot function properly. This paper [...]
Water-deficit equation: systematic analysis and improvement.
BACKGROUND: The water-deficit equation {WD(1) = 0.6 — B(m) — [1 - (140 · Na(+))]; B(m) denotes body mass} is used in medicine and nutrition to estimate the volume (L) of water required to correct dehydration during the initial stages of fluid-replacement therapy. Several equation assumptions may limit its accuracy, but none have been systematically [...]
Significant and serious dehydration does not affect skeletal muscle cramp threshold frequency.
OBJECTIVE: Many clinicians believe that exercise-associated muscle cramps (EAMC) occur because of dehydration. Experimental research supporting this theory is lacking. Mild hypohydration (3% body mass loss) does not alter threshold frequency (TF), a measure of cramp susceptibility, when fatigue and exercise intensity are controlled. No experimental research has examined TF following significant (3-5% body mass [...]