creasing the power-to-mass ratio. This study examined the effects of a reduction in body mass attributable to unreplaced sweat losses on simulated cycling hill-climbing performance in the heat. METHODS: Eight well-trained male cyclists (mean +/- SD: 28.4 +/- 5.7 yr; 71.0 +/- 5.9 kg; 176.7 +/- 4.7 cm; VO2peak: 66.2 +/- 5.8 mL x kg(-1) [...]

The purpose of this study was to identify and to compare the effects of ingesting liquids during a 16-km military march under moderate environmental conditions. Twenty-six volunteer male subjects were randomly divided into two groups. Group GW received water (n=12), and group GP received an electrolytic carbohydrate solution (n=14). Blood and urine samples were obtained [...]

During exercise, sweat output often exceeds water intake, producing a water deficit or hypohydration. The water deficit lowers both intracellular and extracellular fluid volumes, and causes a hypotonic-hypovolemia of the blood. Aerobic exercise tasks are likely to be adversely effected by hypohydration (even in the absence of heat strain), with the potential affect being greater [...]

Numerous studies have confirmed that performance can be impaired when athletes are dehydrated. Endurance athletes should drink beverages containing carbohydrate and electrolyte during and after training or competition. Carbohydrates (sugars) favor consumption and Na(+) favors retention of water. Drinking during competition is desirable compared with fluid ingestion after or before training or competition only. Athletes [...]

During exercise-heat stress, ad libitum drinking frequently fails to match sweat output, resulting in deleterious changes in hormonal, circulatory, thermoregulatory, and psychological status. This condition, known as voluntary dehydration, is largely based on perceived thirst. To examine the role of preexercise dehydration on thirst and drinking during exercise-heat stress, 10 healthy men (21 +/- 1 [...]

This study determined whether 1) exhaustion from heat strain occurs at the same body temperatures during exercise in the heat when subjects are euhydrated as when they are hypohydrated, 2) aerobic fitness influences the body temperature at which exhaustion from heat strain occurs, and 3) curves could be developed to estimate exhaustion rates at a [...]

The effect of hydration status on plasma vasopressin release was studied in six healthy volunteers undergoing a 15-min bicycle ergometer exercise. The hydration states were dehydration, produced by a 14-h abstinence from fluids, euhydration, and hyperhydration caused by drinking 20 ml kg-1 water 2 h before the exercise. The exercise load was individually adjusted to [...]

This study examines the effect of the initial state of hydration on hormone responses to prolonged exercise in the heat. Five subjects at two initial hydration levels (hypohydrated and hyperhydrated) were exposed to a 36 degrees C environment for 3 h of intermittent exercise. During exercise, the subjects were either fluid-deprived, or rehydrated with water [...]

During exercise, increased capillary hydrostatic pressure caused by elevation of arterial pressure produces plasma volume shifts from the vascular space to the interstitial fluids. Following a rapid efflux of vascular fluid within minutes of exercise, there is very little further reduction in plasma volume during long-term exercise, suggesting protective mechanisms against loss of circulating blood [...]

Dehydration leads to the aggravation of gastrointestinal (GI) complaints during exercise. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of dehydration on various GI parameters during strenuous exercise. Ten healthy well-trained men were investigated in dehydrated and in euhydrated conditions. Dehydration took place before the experiments using a dehydration regimen in a sauna [...]