This report is one in a series that presents a comprehensive set of reference values for nutrient intakes for healthy U.S. and Canadian individuals and populations. It is a product of the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) of the Institute of Medicine, working in cooperation with Canadian scientists. The report establishes a set of reference [...]
OBJECTIVES: Vocal fold hydration is purported to promote optimal biomechanical characteristics of vocal fold mucosa, increase efficiency of vocal fold oscillation, and enhance voice quality. The purpose of this work was to determine the magnitude and consistency of the effect of vocal fold hydration on vocal fold function across published clinical studies. METHODS: We completed [...]
The airway mucus in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) is dehydrated and adhesive and accumulates in the airways, resulting in chronic inflammation, infection, and progressive loss of lung function. Inhaled mannitol improves mucus clearance and, when administered over 2 weeks, it improves lung function in CF (Jaques et al. Chest. 2008;133(6):1388-1396). The changes in the [...]
To determine how osmolality of an orally ingested fluid-replacement beverage would alter intestinal fluid absorption from the duodenum and/or jejunum during 85 min of cycle exercise (63.3 +/- 0.9% peak O2 uptake) in a cool environment (22 degreesC), seven subjects (5 men, 2 women, peak O2 uptake = 54.5 +/- 3.8 ml . kg-1 . [...]
Dehydration secondary to acute gastroenteritis is a commonly encountered condition among patients presenting to physicians' offices and hospital EDs. Treatment options consist of oral rehydration therapy (ORT), intravenous rehydration therapy (IVRT) and subcutaneous rehydration therapy (SCRT). Although most patients with dehydration can be effectively treated in an outpatient setting, hospitalization is frequently warranted, with estimated [...]
Five trained men were studied during 2 h of cycling exercise at 67% peak oxygen uptake at 20-22 degrees C to examine the effect of fluid ingestion on muscle metabolism. On one occasion, the subjects completed this exercise without fluid ingestion(NF) while on the other they ingested a volume of distilled deionized water that prevented [...]
Previous researchers have not investigated the thermoregulatory responses to multiple consecutive days of American football in adolescents. OBJECTIVE: To examine the thermoregulatory and hydration responses of high school players during formal preseason football practices. DESIGN: Observational study. SETTING: Players practiced outdoors in late August once per day on days 1 through 5, twice per day [...]
Body weight and energy balance can be maintained by adapting energy intake to changes in energy expenditure and vice versa, whereas short-term changes in energy expenditure are mainly caused by physical activity. This review investigates whether physical activity is affected by over- and undereating, whether intake is affected by an increase or a decrease in [...]
Aim. Extensive research has been undertaken in the area of exercise and hydration. Most work has focused on prehydration. Less is known about different fluid intake patterns during exercise and its effect in thermoregulatory variables in hot environments. This study attempted to determine if ingesting fluid either in a single bolus or intermittently during exercise [...]
Throughout the world, large numbers of manual workers perform physically demanding labour in conditions of high environmental heat stress. Although the importance of adequate hydration in combating heat stress is universally recognized, studies in a range of worker groups have demonstrated a disturbingly poor hydration level in a high proportion of at-risk workers. Management of [...]