CONTEXT: The protective equipment worn during American football has been shown to increase thermal strain; however, the perception of this increased heat has not been examined. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate perceptual responses of American football players while wearing different uniforms during exercise in the heat and to evaluate how these responses may be used to monitor [...]
Water intake was described and quantified in samples of urban Guatemalan schoolchildren stratified by gender and socio-economic status. The frequency of consumption and quantity of plain water drinking was estimated from oneday pictorial registries of all beverages, foods and snacks consumed over a 24-h period collected from 449 3rd and 4th graders from two social [...]
BACKGROUND: Most diarrhoeal deaths can be prevented through the prevention and treatment of dehydration. Oral rehydration solution (ORS) and recommended home fluids (RHFs) have been recommended since 1970s and 1980s to prevent and treat diarrhoeal dehydration. We sought to estimate the effects of these interventions on diarrhoea mortality in children aged <5 years. METHODS: We [...]
This paper gives an overview of human water requirements (Part 1) and water quality for nutritional health (Part 2). A balance between water input and water output is needed to maintain a normal hydration status. Water requirements of individuals differ in different stages and circumstances in the healthy life cycle, e.g. childhood, pregnancy and lactation [...]
PURPOSE: To determine whether a dose-response relationship exists between caffeine and 2000-m rowing performance. METHODS: In this randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover study, 10 competitive male rowers (mean +/- SD: age = 20.6 +/- 1.4 yr, body mass = 87.7 +/- 10.5 kg, height = 186.8 +/- 6.8 cm, (.)VO2peak = 5.1 +/- 0.6 L x [...]
Detecting and treating dehydration in hospitalized patients is critical because of the adverse outcomes associated with this condition. Using a case-control design, this study estimated the incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of dehydration in hospitalized adults. The overall incidence rate for developing one of three ICD-9 codes for dehydration during a hospital stay was 3.5%. [...]
BACKGROUND: Hydrometry and densitometry are widely used to assess pediatric body composition due to their ease of application. The accuracy of these techniques depends on the validity of age- and sex-specific constant values for lean tissue hydration or density. Empirical data on these constants, and their variability between individuals, are lacking. OBJECTIVES: The objectives were [...]
BACKGROUND: Current peri-operative fluid and electrolyte management in the UK may be suboptimal. We assessed the attitudes of consultant surgeons to fluid and electrolyte prescribing and gathered suggestions for improvement in education on the subject. METHODS: A postal questionnaire survey was sent to 1091 Fellows of the Association of Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland. [...]
BACKGROUND: We have previously examined the associations between perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) exposure, birth weight and gestational age in individuals exposed to PFOA-contaminated residential drinking water from the Little Hocking Water Association (LHWA). In this investigation, we expand the scope of our analysis to examine the associations between PFOA, congenital anomalies, labor and delivery complications and [...]
The outcome of colonoscopy is highly dependent upon the quality of bowel cleansing prior to the procedure. Oral sodium phosphate solutions (OSPS) or preparations containing polyethylene glycol (PEG) are generally employed. However, the safety of administering OSPS prior to colonoscopy has been questioned because of the potential for renal failure. AIM: To compare rates of [...]