This paper gives an overview of human water requirements (Part 1) and water quality for nutritional health (Part 2). A balance between water input and water output is needed to maintain a normal hydration status. Water requirements of individuals differ in different stages and circumstances in the healthy life cycle, e.g. childhood, pregnancy and lactation [...]
Contrast induced nephropathy (CIN) remains a common complication of coronary angiography. There is no specific treatment once contrast induced acute renal failure develops, and management must be as for any cause of acute tubular necrosis, with the focus on maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance. The best treatment of CIN is prevention. A variety of preventive [...]
Historically, hydration research reflected critical issues of the day. War, illness, surviving a shipwreck or time in the dessert, supplying fall-out shelters, and space exploration drove hydration research in the first half of the 20th century. The fitness revolution of the 1970s spurred research on dehydration in physically active people and athletes. The 1990s introduced [...]
Fluid is typically administered via intravenous (IV) infusion to athletes who develop clinical symptoms of heat illness, based on the perception that dehydration is a primary factor contributing to the condition. However, other athletes also voluntarily rehydrate with IV fluid as opposed to, or in conjunction with, oral rehydration. The voluntary use of IV fluids [...]
Various physiological mechanisms regulate sodium and water balance in the human body. These processes achieve acute and chronic sodium regulation and the simultaneous or sequential changes can be explained using a single physiological model. Steady intracellular water and osmolality is necessary for cell membrane integrity and cellular processes. Body fluids protect circulatory blood volume by [...]
Human neuropsychology investigates brain-behavior relationships, using objective tools (neurological tests) to tie the biological and behavior aspects together. The use of neuropsychological assessment tools in assessing potential effects of dehydration is a natural progression of the scientific pursuit to understand the physical and mental ramifications of dehydration. It has long been known that dehydration negatively [...]
Protein-energy malnutrition and hypervolemia are major causes of morbidity and mortality in patients on chronic hemodialysis (CHD). The methods used to evaluate nutritional status and volume status remain controversial. Vector bioelectric impedance analysis (vector- BIA) has recently been developed to assess both nutritional status and tissue hydration. The purpose of the study was to assess [...]
The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) is a disorder of water balance characterized by hypotonic hyponatremia and impaired water excretion. The diagnosis of SIADH is based on the exclusion of other hyponatremic conditions, the presence of hyposmolality with inappropriate urine osmolality and a urine sodium concentration usually above 30 mEq/L. Some simple and [...]
Many diseases have multifactorial origins. There is increasing evidence that mild dehydration plays a role in the development of various morbidities. In this review, effects of hydration status on acute and chronic diseases are depicted (excluding the acute effects of mild dehydration on exercise performance, wellness, cognitive function, and mental performance) and categorized according to [...]
The mode of transmission of Helicobacter pylori, a bacterium causing gastric cancer and peptic ulcer disease, is unknown although waterborne transmission is a likely pathway. This study investigated the hypothesis that access to treated water and a sanitary sewerage system reduces the H. pylori incidence rate, using data from 472 participants in a cohort study [...]